Risk factors

• Smoking
• Workers in dye,rubber,leather industries
• Infection with a specific parasite

Clinical Features

• Blood in urine
• Urgency and increased frequency to urinate

Evaluation

• Urine examination
• Cystoscopy and biopsy
• CT scan of abdomen,chest

Stage of disease

• Very early stage – Cancer involves very superificial layers of urinary bladder and no lymph node spread
• Early stage – cancer involves deeper layers with minimal or no lymph node spread
• Advanced stage- cancer involves all layers of urinary bladder with advanced disease in lymph nodes
• Very advanced stage – disease has spread to adjacent organs and other organs like liver, lung,bones

Treatments

• Very early stages- cystoscopic removal of cancer and chemotherapy given inside urinary bladder
• Early stage – Surgery in the form of bladder preservation or complete removal of urinary bladder along with removal of lymph nodes with an artificial creation of passage for passing urine
• Advanced stage- give chemotherapy reduce the bulk of disease and then surgery as mentioned above
• Very advanced stage – only chemotherapy

In some selected cases only chemo and radiation therapy can be given, without surgery and still cancer can be cured.